Jeep
The Need
World War I started the age of mechanization of the US Army. The Army bought many vehicles from many vendors to move men and materials from location to location. By the middle 1930’s the Army realized the logistical nightmare causing maintenance and supply issues caused by having so many vendors and vehicle types. The desire to standardize on a smaller group of vehicles led to the search for smaller, faster easier to maintain vehicle.
The army tested several vehicle concepts over the years, including a vehicle dubbed the “Belly-Flopper”. The “Belly-Flopper” was designed much like a cross between a kid’s sled and a go-cart. The driver and a passenger lay on their stomachs to drive the vehicle, unseen by the enemy. The specifications for 70 units of a test vehicle were sent out on July 7, 1940, called for:
1. A driving front axle with 2-speed transfer case including provisions for disengaging the front axle drive.
2. A body of rectangular design with a folding windshield and 3 bucket seats.
3. Increased engine power (presumably in respect to the Belly-Flopper prototype).
4. Means for towing.
5. 30-caliber machine gun mount.
6. Blackout lighting.
7. Oil-bath air cleaner.
8. Hydraulic brakes.
9. Full floating axles.
10. Wheelbase of 80".
11. Maximum height of 40".
12. Maximum weight of 1275 lbs.
13. Approach and departure angles of 45 and 40 degrees, respectively.
14. Must reach 50 mph on hard surface.
15. Special bracing for a pintle hook setup.
16. No aluminum to be used for cylinder head.
17. At least 4 cylinders.
18. 8 of the 70 vehicles had to be four-wheel-steer.
Only three companies, of 135 invited to bid, responded to the contest, Ford Motor Company, Willys-Overland (pronounced Willis-Overland), and American Bantam Car Company and of these, the Bantam Car Company was the most aggressive. They had their blueprints of their vehicle into Washington in 5 days. Bantam delivered a prototype by the September 23, 1940 deadline. With war breaking out in Europe, both Ford and Willys were allowed to submit vehicles for testing. Both of these competitors were also given access to the Bantam plans, explaining the look-alike similarities of the three prototypes. The Army ordered a total of 1500 of each vehicle for further testing and early 1941 saw these vehicles entered into Army inventory. Willys and Ford received the contracts to actually build the vehicles based on Bantam’s designs, as Bantam didn’t have suitable manufacturing facilities. Bantam did get the contract to build the trailers need for the vehicles. Both the Willys and Ford parts were interchangeable.
The name Jeep is said to derive from several sources. Some say the name came from the GP (General Purpose) designation, others say it came from the cartoon character “Eugene, the Magical Jeep” from the Popeye cartoons. Eugene had the ability to go anywhere (by magic of course), as did the Willys vehicle.
The Jeep became the vehicle of choice for the Army and it was said that the little vehicle could move faster than a tank and go places that tanks couldn’t go. The Jeep (both the Willys MB and Ford GPW) proved to be a reliable, well made vehicle, impressing soldiers who both drove and maintained the vehicles. It was said at the time that Jeep won the war.
Post War
After the War, as soldier were returning home, many wanted a Jeep of their own. Willys seeing a demand for the Jeep trademarked the name, for it’s line of vehicles based on the venerable vehicle.
The Jeep CJ2A (Civilian Jeep 2A) was introduced in late 1945, and was mechanically identical to the MB that was produced for the Army, but with a few differences, such as chrome trim and larger headlamps. The fuel tank intake was on the left side panel, and the spare tire was moved to the rear tailgate. The rear panel also became a flip down tailgate. The first year saw only 1824 units made, but the end of production in 1949 produced a total of nearly 137,000 units.
The postwar years were good to Willys and they built other vehicles on the Jeep name and toughness, including the Willys Jeep Wagon (1946 to 1963), the Willys Jeep truck (1947 to 1963), and the Willys Jeepster (1948 to 1950). The wagon and truck were available in 2-wheel and 4-wheel drive models. These models were intended to bring the Jeep brand to younger, trendier owners, expanding the market for Jeep. Willys continued with updating the CJ series of Jeeps and all through the 50’s.
1953 brought the buyout of the Willys-Overland by Kaiser. Kaiser kept the Willys name on the Jeep until 1963 when it became the Kaiser–Jeep Corporation. Production of the Willys wagons and trucks continued until 1965, when the Willys name was dropped and Jeep was added. In 1966, Kaiser reintroduced the Jeepster line of vehicles, (while still producing both a military and civilian versions of the WWII Jeep), which included a wagon, pickup and a convertible. These vehicles were intended to compete with the Ford Bronco and the Land Cruisers (which surprisingly the Land Cruiser and the British Land Rover, both got their start by copying the Jeep MB). Jeep also made the boxy Waggoner models, and the Jeepster was a cross between the usefulness of the truck and the CJ. These models were produced by Kaiser-Jeep until American Motors Corporation (AMC started as a merger of the Nash-Kelvinator Corporation and the Hudson Motor Car Company in 1954), bought the Kaiser-Jeep Corporation in 1970 for $75 Million dollars. AMC continued production of the Jeepster, as well as the other models. And in 1972, changed the Jeep styling. AMC being the smaller of the Detroit automakers produced the Jeep line and other vehicles to the early 80’s when financial troubles caught up to the corporation. Chrysler bought AMC at fire sale prices in 1987. Production lines at AMC were so slow, that Chrysler outsourced some of its production to AMC, and Chrysler’s production of the Omni\Horizon and the M-body were produced in AMC’s Kenosha Wisconsin plant. Chrysler underhandedly bought out Renault’s ownership of AMC, wanting the production facilities and the Jeep lineup. The Jeep-Eagle division became part of Chrysler officially in 1989,and after the merger\takeover of Chrysler in 1998 by Daimler\Benz; the Eagle was discontinued as a duplicate line in 1998. Jeep became it’s own division at that time. With the demise of Plymouth in 2001, Daimler\Chrysler was left with three divisions, Chrysler, Dodge and Jeep. Jeep history is continuing to be made, but only time will tell if Jeep will outlast its parent corporations.
Models by year (through 1999):
1945 Willys-Series CJ-2A
1946 Willys-Series CJ-2A
1947 Willys-Jeep Pickup
1948 Willys-Jeep Truck 4x4
1949 Willys-Jeep Truck 4x2
1950 Willys-Jeep Pickup 4x2;Willys-Jeep VJ-3
1951 Willys-Jeep M-38
1952 Willys-Jeep Sedan 4x2
1953 Willys-Jeep CJ-3B
1954 Willys-Jeep Sedan Delivery 4x4
1955 Jeep CJ-5, CJ-6 Long WB,Willys-Jeep Utility Wagon
1956 Willys-Jeep CJ-6 DJ-3A
1957 Willys-Jeep FC-150 1/4Ton Pickup,FC-170
1958 FC-150 1Ton,JA-3CB (AU Only)
1959 DJ-Surrey, Gala,Maverick Utility Wagon 4x2
1960 Fleet Vans US Postal Contract
1961 Fleet Van Walk-in Delivery Truck
1962 FC-170 1-Ton Platform 4x4, 6-cyl Introduction
1963 Kaiser Jeep Corp: Wagoneer/Gladiator-Series J-100-310
1964 Jeep CJ5A "Tuxedo Park"
1965 DJ-5, DJ-6,(M606 V-8 Foreign Market Only)
1966 No Major Changes "Dauntless" V-6 Introduction
1967 Jeep M-715,Jeepster Commando
1968 Jeepster Commando
1969 CJ-6 "462 Limited Edition"
1970 American Motor Corporation AMC purchased Kaiser-Jeep
1971 No Changes
1972 CJ-5 Hard Top
1973 J-Trucks, Quadra-Trac 4WD Option, CJ-5 Renegade
1974 Jeep Cherokee S
1975 Cherokee Chief, J-Series Pickup Pioneer
1976 CJ-7 "Automatic Transmission", J10 Honcho
1977 CJ-5/7 "Golden Eagle"
1978 No Major Changes,CJ-5 Limited Edition "Silver Anniversary"
1979 No Major Changes
1980 CJ-Laredo Edition
1981 CJ-8 "Scrambler", J10 Laredo Pickup
1982 CJ-7 Limited Introduced. 1982 was the first year that the AMC 304 V8 was no longer offered as an option.
1983 Select-Trac Replaces Quadra-Trac, Beijing Jeep Corp. Joint Venture AMC
1984 Cherokee Down Size XJ, End of CJ-5 Production, 4-cyl Intro
1985 XJ Pioneer Four Door Wagon
1986 End of CJ Series Models, Wrangler YJ Intro.,Commanche mini Pickup, Based On XJ Series
1987 AMC-Jeep Eagle Sold To Chrysler Corporation 8-5-87
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993 Jeep Grand Cherokee ZJ Intro.
1994
1995 Last Jeep YJ Produced
1996 No Jeep Wranglers YJ’s Produced
1997 Jeep TJ Introduction
1998
1999 Jeep Grand Cherokee WJ
