|
|
| Line 10: |
Line 10: |
| | == Density Altitude == | | == Density Altitude == |
| | | | |
| − | '''Density altitude''' is the [[altitude]] in the [[International Standard Atmosphere]] at which the [[density of air|air density]] would be equal to the actual air density at the place of observation, or, in other words, the height when measured in terms of the density of the air rather than the distance from the ground. "Density Altitude" is the [[pressure altitude]] adjusted for non-standard temperature. | + | '''Density altitude''' is the altitude in the International Standard Atmosphere at which the air density would be equal to the actual air density at the place of observation, or, in other words, the height when measured in terms of the density of the air rather than the distance from the ground. "Density Altitude" is the pressure altitude adjusted for non-standard temperature. |
| | | | |
| − | Both an increase in [[temperature]] and, to a much lesser degree, [[humidity]] will cause an increase in density altitude. Thus, in hot and humid conditions, the density altitude at a particular location may be significantly higher than the true altitude. | + | Both an increase in temperature and, to a much lesser degree, humidity will cause an increase in density altitude. Thus, in hot and humid conditions, the density altitude at a particular location may be significantly higher than the true altitude. |
| − | | |
| − | ==Aircraft safety==
| |
| − | Air density is perhaps the single most important factor affecting aircraft performance. It has a direct bearing on:<ref name="A">AOPA Flight Training, Volume 19, Number 4; April 2007; Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association; ISSN 1047-6415</ref>
| |
| − | * The [[Lift (force)|lift]] generated by the wings — reduction in air density reduces the wing's lift.
| |
| − | * The efficiency of the propeller or rotor — which for a propeller (effectively an [[airfoil]]) behaves similarly to lift on wings.
| |
| − | * The power output of the engine — power output depends on oxygen intake, so the engine output is reduced as the equivalent "dry air" density decreases and produces even less power as moisture displaces oxygen in more humid conditions.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Aircraft taking off from a "[[hot and high]]" airport such as the [[Mariscal Sucre International Airport|Quito Airport]] or [[Mexico City International Airport|Mexico City]] are at a significant [[aerodynamic]] disadvantage. The following effects result from a density altitude which is higher than the actual physical altitude:<ref name="A" />
| |
| − | * The aircraft will accelerate slower on takeoff as a result of reduced power production.
| |
| − | * The aircraft will need to achieve a higher true airspeed to attain the same lift - this implies both a longer takeoff roll and a higher true airspeed which must be maintained when airborne to avoid [[stall (flight)|stalling]].
| |
| − | * The aircraft will climb slower as the result of reduced power production and lift.
| |
| − | | |
| − | Due to these performance issues, a plane's takeoff weight may need to be lowered or takeoffs may need to be scheduled for cooler times of the day. Wind direction and [[runway]] slope may need to be taken into account.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Calculation==
| |
| − | Density altitude can be calculated from atmospheric pressure and temperature (assuming dry air).
| |
| − | | |
| − | :<math>
| |
| − | \mathrm{DA} = 145442.156 \left[1-\left(\frac{P/P_{SL}}{\mathrm{T}/T_{SL}}\right)^b\right]
| |
| − | </math>
| |
| − | | |
| − | where
| |
| − | | |
| − | : <math>\mathrm{DA}=</math> density altitude in feet
| |
| − | : <math>P=</math> atmospheric (static) pressure
| |
| − | : <math>P_{SL}=</math> standard sea level atmospheric pressure (1013.25 hPa [[International_Standard_Atmosphere|ISA]] or 29.92126 inHg [[U.S._Standard_Atmosphere|US]]))
| |
| − | : <math>\mathrm{T}=</math> [[Outside air temperature|true (static) air temperature]] in [[kelvin]]s (K) [add 273.15 to the Celsius (°C)] figure
| |
| − | : <math>T_{SL}=</math> [[International_Standard_Atmosphere|ISA]] standard sea level air temperature in [[kelvin]]s (K) (288.15 K)
| |
| − | : <math>b=</math> 0.234969
| |
| − | | |
| − | Note that the leading coefficient is the ratio of the [[International_Standard_Atmosphere|ISA]] sea level temperature (288.15 K) to [[International_Standard_Atmosphere|ISA]] Temperature Lapse Rate (6.5 K/km), converted into feet.
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''''National Weather Service Equation'''''
| |
| − | | |
| − | The [[National Weather Service]] uses the following dry-air approximation of the above equation in their standards.
| |
| − | | |
| − | :<math>
| |
| − | \mathrm{DA} = 145442.16 \left[1-\left(\frac{17.326 P}{459.67+T}\right)^{0.235}\right]
| |
| − | </math>
| |
| − | | |
| − | where
| |
| − | | |
| − | : <math>\mathrm{DA}=</math> density altitude in feet
| |
| − | : <math>P=</math> Is the station pressure (atmospheric static pressure) in [[inches of mercury]] (inHg)
| |
| − | : <math>T=</math> T is the station temperature (atmospheric temperature) in Fahrenheit (F)
| |
| − | | |
| − | Note that the NWS standard specifies that the density altitude should be rounded to the nearest 100 feet.
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Easy formula to calculate ''density altitude'' from ''pressure altitude'''''
| |
| − | | |
| − | This is an easier formula to calculate (with great approximation) ''density altitude'' from ''pressure altitude'' ..and ''International Standard Atmosphere temperature deviation''
| |
| − | | |
| − | :'''Density altitude in feet''' = pressure altitude in feet + (120 x (OAT - ISA_temperature))
| |
| − | | |
| − | Where:
| |
| − | | |
| − | :OAT = [[Outside air temperature]] in °C
| |
| − | :ISA_temperature = 15 °C - (1.98 °C/1000 ft × pressure altitude in feet)
| |
| − | | |
| − | Or simply:
| |
| − | | |
| − | DA=PA+120([PA/500]+OAT-15)
| |
| − | | |
| − | Or even simpler
| |
| − | | |
| − | DA=1.24PA+120OAT-1800
| |
| − | | |
| − | where DA=density altitude and PA=pressure altitude where PA=Hgt+30(1013-QNH)
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==References and notes==
| |
| − | <!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate
| |
| − | footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags-->
| |
| − | {{Reflist}}
| |
| − | {{refbegin}}
| |
| − | *{{cite book |id= AFM 51-40 / NAVAIR 00-80V-49| date=1 December 1989 | title=Air Navigation | chapter= | editor= | others= | pages= | publisher=Departments of the Air Force and Navy | url= | authorlink= }}
| |
| − | *{{cite web | title=Air Density and Density Altitude | url=http://wahiduddin.net/calc/density_altitude.htm | accessdate=9 January 2006 }}
| |
| − | * Advisory Circular AC 61-23C, ''Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge'', U.S. [[Federal Aviation Administration]], Revised 1997
| |
| − | * http://www.tpub.com/content/aerographer/14269/css/14269_74.htm
| |
| − | {{refend}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | {{USGovernment|sourceURL=[http://www.faa.gov/library/manuals/aviation/ Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge]}}
| |
Beginnings of a Wiki, feel free to improve
As it applies to drag racing, Corrected altitude is the adjustment in feet above sea level based on weather conditions. The importance in this is the closer to sea level you get, the more dense the air is. The more air an engine can cram in a cylinder, the more power the engine makes.
Most index and bracket racers depend on weather stations correcting the altitude for weather conditions, so that the racer can predict his ET. These calculations are also important for tuning the car. Such as selection of carburetor jets.
Density Altitude
Density altitude is the altitude in the International Standard Atmosphere at which the air density would be equal to the actual air density at the place of observation, or, in other words, the height when measured in terms of the density of the air rather than the distance from the ground. "Density Altitude" is the pressure altitude adjusted for non-standard temperature.
Both an increase in temperature and, to a much lesser degree, humidity will cause an increase in density altitude. Thus, in hot and humid conditions, the density altitude at a particular location may be significantly higher than the true altitude.
